Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research is a data archive for the social sciences, including education (teacher resources included)
National Education Association | Reference Center: NEA annual reports on American school teachers, school readiness, school rankings, achievement gap, quality learning conditions, assessment, and funding.
SDDS: School District Demographics System: Data and comparisons of U.S. school districts, including population, English-language learners, IEP students, teachers, schools, graduates, race, income, revenue, and expenditures..
U.S. Census: Education: Formal education by age, school enrollment, educational attainment, financial aspects, charter schools, computer usage, etc..