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ECE 380: Product Analysis Report Resources

Tips and Resources for finding materials to complete an Engineering Product Analysis

IEEE Style Basics

The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a engineering and computer science professional organization that publishes a variety of materials including industry standards.

IEEE citation style is used primarily for electronics, engineering, telecommunications, computer science, and information technology reports.

Key Features:

  • In-text citation consisting of a number in square brackets e.g. [1], which refers to the full citation listed in the reference list
    • Place bracketed citations within the line of text, before any punctuation, with a space before the first bracket
    • When citing multiple sources at once, list each number separately, in its own brackets, using a comma or dash between numbers, as such: [1], [3], [5] or [1] - [5].
  • Citations are numbered in the ordered in which they are cited
    • Once you have referred to a source and given it a number, continue to use that number as you cite that source throughout the paper.
  • The Reference list appears at the end of the paper in order by the citation number

 

A visual example of the basics:

Example IEEE in-text citation and corresponding reference

Source: IEEE Style Reference Guide, Murdoch University Library, https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/IEEE/home

 

Examples of in-text citations:

"...end of the line for my research [13]."

"This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]."

"Scholtz [2] has argued that..."

"Several recent studies [3], [4], [15], [16] have suggested that...."

"For example, see [7]."

 

Creating a Reference List 

The Reference List appears at the end of your paper and provides the full citations for all the references you have used.  List all references numerically in the order they've been cited within the paper, and include the bracketed number at the beginning of each reference.

  • Use References as the heading of the section
  • Author's name is listed as first initial, last name.
    • Example: Adel Al Muhairy would be cited as A. Al Muhairy (NOT Al Muhairy, Adel).
  • Article title article is listed in quotation marks
  • Journal or book is listed in italics

 

Examples of citations for different materials:

Material Type

Works Cited

Book in print

[1] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

Chapter in book

[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.

eBook

[3] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.

Journal article

[4] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn networks and shufflenets for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.

eJournal (from database)

[5] H. Ayasso and A. Mohammad-Djafari, "Joint NDT Image Restoration and Segmentation Using Gauss–Markov–Potts Prior Models and Variational Bayesian Computation," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 2265-77, 2010. [Online]. Available: IEEE Xplore, http://www.ieee.org. [Accessed Sept. 10, 2010]. 

eJournal (from internet)

[6] A. Altun, “Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners’ experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2007].

Conference paper

[7] L. Liu and H. Miao, "A specification based approach to testing polymorphic attributes," in Formal Methods and Software Engineering: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2004, Seattle, WA, USA, November 8-12, 2004, J. Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin: Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19.

Conference proceedings

[8] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the Digital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.

Newspaper article (from database)

[9] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. [Online]. Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com. [Accessed May 31, 2005].

Technical report

[10] K. E. Elliott and C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol," Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Rep. 916-1010-BB, 1997.

Patent

[11] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 125, Jul. 16, 1990.

Standard

[12] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.

Thesis/Dissertation

[1] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993.

 

Information on this page was adapted from

1. University of Pittsburg Library System, "Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, IEEE." [Online] Available: https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/ieee. [Accessed Jan 10, 2025]

Citing Images, Figures, Tables and Websites - IEEE Style

Citing Images, Figures, and Tables

According to the IEEE Editorial Style Manual (section II. Writing Principles, pg 13),  are:

  • Cited with the abbreviation "Fig." followed by the figure/image number. e.g. Fig. 1
  • Citation should appear as a caption to the Image (right below the image/figure)
  • The general style for captions: “Fig.” followed by the number, followed by a period, a space, then the text of the caption
  • The first word of the caption should always be capitalized
  • In general, do not use A, An, or The at the beginning of a figure or table caption

Example: Fig. 1. Theoretical measured values of n

 

NOTE: If the image/figure is one that you borrowed from another work, the caption should end with an in-text citation just as you would use within the written text of the paper.

Example: Fig. 1. Theoretical measured values of n. Adapted from [1]

 

Citing Websites

The standard format for citing websites is:

[#] A. Author, "Document title," Webpage name, Source/production information, Date of internet publication. [Format]. Available: internet address. [Accessed: Date of access].

Examples:

[1]  A. Bahatt, M. Forsyth, R. Withers, and G. Wang, "How a Battery Works," Australian Academy of Science, Feb 2, 2016. [Online] Available: https://www.science.org.au/curious/technology-future/batteries#:~:text=A%20battery%20is%20a%20device,be%20used%20to%20do%20work. [Accessed Jan 10, 2025]

[2] Brain, Marshall, "How Toasters Work". [Online] Available: https://home.howstuffworks.com/toaster.htm#pt1. [Accessed Jan 10, 2025] 

Note AI Use!

Know your professor's policies on AI use, and ask about specifics. For example, is Grammerly considered AI?

AI is not your original work, therefore you need to make a note of any places where AI helped you write, create, research, etc to complete a project, assignment or paper.

An example from a recent newsletter article has 2 parts:

  1. An asterisk at the end of the article title
  2. An asterisk at the end of the paper noting what AI app was used and how AI

Title = When Your Gig is Tragic: Using AI to Reclaim Your Time*

At the end of the paper

*ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2024) was used to help develop this newsletter entry.

Finding More IEEE Style Guides

The following are two excellent sources of help on IEEE Style.